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Dharma (धर्म) is a term or concept in ancient philosophy. This is a complex concept if seen from the perspective of religions such as Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism).
Meaning of Dharma
Dharma meaning “cosmic law,” “righteous living,” “duty,” or “the teachings of the god”.
The word originates from Sanskrit, meaning “to hold or sustain”. In ancient philosophy, it refers to one’s moral duties and the order that maintains the universe, while in Buddhism, it is the teachings of Buddha and the nature of reality. In Jainism, it signifies the path to moral transformation, and in Sikhism, it means correct religious practices and duties to God.
Meanings of Dharma across Religions
Hinduism:
Cosmic Order and Duty: Dharma is the inherent order that sustains life and the universe. It also encompasses a person’s moral responsibilities and duties, specific to their nature, role, and stage of life (Sva-dharma).
Righteous Living: Following one’s dharma involves virtuous conduct, righteousness, and fulfilling obligations to maintain universal order and achieve spiritual union with reality.
Buddhism:
The Buddha’s Teachings: Dharma refers to the profound teachings of Lord Buddha, which form the foundation of the path to liberation from suffering.
Cosmic Law: It also describes the fundamental laws of nature and existence, which are the subject of meditation and understanding.
Jainism:
Moral Transformation: In Jainism, dharma is the belief and the associated path that leads to the moral transformation and purification of the human being.
Medium of Motion: In its cosmological sense, it is a substance that helps souls and matter move, though it is not motion itself.
Sikhism:
Righteous Conduct and Duty: Dharma signifies correct religious practices and the path to virtue. It involves fulfilling duties towards God and living a righteous life.
Etymology and Core Idea
The word “dharma” comes from the Sanskrit root dhr-, which means “to hold,” “to sustain,” or “to support”.
This etymology highlights the concept’s core idea: that which sustains, upholds, or protects something—whether it is the stability of the universe or the moral and spiritual well-being of an individual.